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Astronaut training describes the complex process of preparing astronauts for their space missions before, during and after flight, which includes medical tests, physical training, extra-vehicular activity (EVA) training, procedure training, rehabilitation process, as well as training on experiments they will accomplish during their stay in space. The training is geared to the special conditions and environments astronauts will be confronted with during launch, in space, and during landing. All phases of the flight must be taken into account during training to ensure safety to, and functionality of the astronauts, as well as to ensure a successful completion of the mission. The Apollo astronauts that walked on the Moon also received training for geology fieldwork on the Lunar surface. == Background == Human spaceflight is almost as old as space exploration itself. In the 1960s it only included the Soviet Union and then the United States. Later the pool of human space flight faring nations grew, and today it includes not only the United States (NASA) and Russia (Roscosmos), but also includes Europe (ESA), Japan (JAXA), China (CNSA), and India (ISRO). Outside government agencies, this will also soon include passenges of Space Tourism. The selection process for candidates has become more and more detailed and targeted as human spaceflight capabilities has grown. What began as the selection of military fighter and test pilots in the 1960s, with a considerable focus on physical capability, has evolved into a selection that now selects for aptitude in engineering, sciences, life sciences, and mathematics.〔National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2010. Astronaut Selection and Training. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston, Texas. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/606877main_FS-2011-11-057-JSC-astro_trng.pdf〕 The differences in training methodologies varies amongst nations, and will also continue to evolve in stride with human spaceflight capabilities. Currently, astronauts are only trained to fly on board Soyuz and live on board the ISS. Since the Shuttle was retired in 2011, Soyuz are the only manned craft available for reaching the International space station. Hence the astronauts have to also be trained in Star City. On board the ISS, astronauts are involved in assembly and on orbit operations of the station. This includes extra-vehicular activities (EVA), robotics operations using the remote manipulators, experiment operations, and maintenance tasks. It is essential for astronauts to have an in depth knowledge about the ISS and its subsystems as well as operational characteristics, mission requirements and objectives, and supporting systems and equipment for each experiment on their assigned missions. Long duration missions aboard ISS last from 3 to 6 months and take about 2 to 3 years of increment specific training. It also involves extensive visits to member countries for training purposes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Astronaut training」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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